pH Adjustment/Coagulation - Hydrated lime is widely used to adjust the pH of water to prepare it for further treatment. Ecodyne can customize the basic Reactivator-Clarifier design to accommodate cold lime or warm lime operation as required for TSS hardness, alkalinity and silica removal. Alkalinity to be added to the water (mg/ L) = total alkalinity required (mg/ L) - (minus) alkalinity present in the water (mg/ L) much lime (the source of alkalinity) must be added. Section 4.2 - Calculations Table of Contents Lime Softening Study Guide - January 1994 Edition pg. membrane fouling in the reverse osmosis units. Estimate the carbonic acid concentration. In Salbukh water treatment plant, silica. Anything over 180 PPM is considered very hard water, so if you measure hardness as 220 PPM, it's a sign that your water is hard. We accomplish this by using the ratio on below equation. In this process Calcium and Magnesium ions are precipitated by the addition of lime (Ca(OH) 2) and soda . If the Ca:Mg ratio is in between 7 and 10, look at the base . treatment process necessary for softening this water is the excess lime process. With the conversion calculators you can convert the units that are most commonly used. Yes. calculations, 1400 lbs/MG of lime should be used. 9. . Water will stop at nothing to find equilibrium.so when it's hungry for calcium, it will aggressively look for it. How does the lime-softening process work? The second plant's It's just a simple spread sheet showing # of hydrated lime and Magox to be used with a varying alkalinty and Mg content of the raw water. High concentration of silica causes. All Answers (4) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (caustic soda) may be utilized for chemical precipitation. Profile B. The lime softening reaction is relatively slow, and will continue downstream of the clarifier, exceeding the solubility of calcium carbonate in the clarified water. Hence, the net flow per softener is 65 m3/hour. I also included chemical costs to make comparisons but the chemical price figures will need adjusted as they are very old. Removal of CH with Lime Feed Only 6 Removal of Noncarbonate Hardness with Lime and . The purity of lime is 70% and soda is BS% Ca(HCO 3) = 30.2 , Mg(HCO 3) = 20.8 ,CaCI 2 = 28.1 ,MgCl 2 = 8.78, CaSO 4 = 35, MgSO 4 = 6.7 . However its . is generally in the range of 20 to 60 ppm. 7 pg. THE REST IS AUTOMATIC. Since the amounts added are rather small it is advantageous to prepare 5% by weight lime milk by simply mixing 10g lime with 90g . With these calculators you can calculate Anglo-American units to the standards units (SI-units). Sodium aluminate has a special advantage as a coagulant in lime-soda softening since unlike most other coagulants it is alkaline and also contributes to the softening reactions', particularly in reducing magnesium. Calculator Net acidity = potential acidity + existing acidity * The factor 1.02 is used to stoichiometrically convert units of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) to units of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) A minimum safety factor of 1.5 should be used Compared to lime softening and sodium chloride (NaCL) zeolite softening technologies, nanofiltration membrane softening is a less-expensive alternative. 3 3 61 1 1 [ ] 305 6.1 10 / 50 1000 61 HCO . The warm lime softening process operates in the temperature range of 120-140F (49-60C). softening can be achieved by adding lime in the form of limewater, ca (oh)2, which, in a carbonatation reaction with co2, forms calcium carbonate precipitate, reacts next with multivalent cations to remove carbonate hardness, then reacts with anions to replace the non-carbonate hardness due to multivalent cations with non-carbonate hardness due Lime Softening 1 Lime Softening . Also there are logical choices and numerous equations used in calculating chemical dosages for lime soda water softening . LSI between -0.30 and +0.30 is the widely accepted range, while 0.00 is perfect equilibrium. Calculate the quantity of the pure lime and soda required for softening of 1,00,000 litres of water containing the following impurities in ppm. Lime-soda ash softening is assumed to be capable of reducing calcium and magnesium to empirically determined 11practical limits11 of 0.6 - 0.8 meq/1 and 0.2 meq/1, respectively. The lime sludge bed can filter the oil in water. There is also information about three lime soda water softening process alternatives (two stage excess lime water softening, split treatment, and selective calcium removal), along with calculation of the dosages needed for lime, soda ash, and carbon dioxide. Lime softening was abandoned on the premise that the effective hardness removal did not warrant Chemicals normally used are lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) . Volume Step 1: Enter Starting Water Profile Step 5: View Resulting Water Profile Step 3: View Mash pH Distilled water Mash pH (from chart) If your water report gives Sulfate as Sulfur (SO 4-S) such as a Ward Lab's report, multiply by that by 3 to get SO 4 Chalk Effective use of coagulants helps remove silica in the softening process. Hardness definition: A. Hardness is the term often used to characterize a water that : Dose form a foam or lather well and cause soap scum Ca2+ + (Soap)- Ca(Soap) 2 (s) This increase the amount of soap needed for washing cause scaling on pipes and hot boilers. The solubilities of calcium, magnesium, and silica are reduced by increased temperature. The FilmTec NF270 nanofiltration membrane, for example, offers low salt rejection, low energy consumption, and stable performance after repetitive cleaning. Simply enter the calcium carbonate hardness in mg/L, and then enter the magnesium hardness in mg/L. Spreadsheets for Lime Soda Water Softening Calculations There are logical choices (e.g. Calculate Lime Dosage Requirement in Sedimentation Process. Lime-enhanced softening can also be used to remove arsenic from water. Calculation for Sizing a Water Softener. Stricter drinking water regulations for arsenic have increased the need for this treatment. The normal pH of water is between 6.5-8.5. The limesoda uses lime, Ca(OH) 2 and soda ash, Na 2 CO 3, to precipitate hardness from solution. Use calcitic lime if the Ca:Mg ratio is below 7:1. 1 pg. Determination of lime and soda ash dose requirements for water softening Chemical precipitation is one of the more common methods used to soften water. . Example 21. Ion-Exchange Softening is a common household water softening method that uses salt (sodium chloride or potassium chloride) to soften water. The chemicals increase the pH of the water so that calcium carbonate, lime, leaves the solution and crystallizes on the fine sand in the form of rock-hard balls, the pellets. Silica content in brackish water. jerry2363 (Chemical) (OP) 4 Jan 07 01:06. cub3bead, happy new year. Lime Softeners. Limitation of Soda Lime Process: Lime soda softening cannot produce a water at completely free of hardness because of the solubility (little) of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2. e use lime softening extensively in certain areas of Florida and have been for over 70 years. The block flow diagram of a typical lime softener is depicted in Fig - 1. cause valves to stick due to the formation of calcium carbonate crystals Multiply the number of people in your family times 70 (gallons of water used per day, national average). 1 pg. Problem Processing or disposal of this sludge material may be an additional cost to the process. Supply water and chemicals (caustic soda, lime wash or sodium carbonate) are injected into the bottom of the reactor and mixed intensively. Cold lime softening, also known as Clark's process, is used to reduce the hardness, alkalinity, silica, and other constituents of raw water. In many communities lime softening processes do . Explain with chemical equations and calculate the amount of lime and soda needed for softening 1,00,000 litres of water containing the following: HCl = 7.3 mg/L, Al 2 (SO 4) 3 = 34.2 mg/L ; MgCl 2 = 9.5 mg/L ; NaCl = 29.25 mg/L Purity of lime is 90% and that of soda 98%. Program pre-calculations49 Calculate CO 2 . CALCULATIONS OF LIME AND SODA ASH CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED FORWATER SOFTENING. Click "calculate", and the calculator will return the total hardness in mg/L of CaCo3. Fig -1 CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 H2CO3 + CaCO3 = Ca (HCO3)2 Cold Lime Softening Lime softening accomplished at ambient temperatures is referred to as cold lime softening. Our hot lime system is designed for treating produced water (seperated from oil emulsion). 2 Water Softening 1. So the amount of water flow in each individual will be 130 / 2 =65 m3/hour. When hydrated lime, Ca (OH)2, is added to the water being treated, the following reactions occur: CO2 + Ca (OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O Ca (HCO3)2 + Ca (OH)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Note: A dose of 1 mg/L of aluminium sulphate reacts with 5.3 mg/L of alkalinity expressed as CaCO3 []Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)) is considered in the lime dosage calculations softening process to take place. Lime soda water softening is the subject of this e-book. It also explains how cold lime softening works, and provides guidance on maintaining system reliability. Calculators. Calculations are presented for daily chemical requirements and solids production rates. The lime-softening methods above require time, special chemicals, and a pH meter to conduct successfully. Ca2+ (calcium ion) + CO32- (carbonate ion) + CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) = 2HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) When high magnesium water is softened, excess lime needs to be added to raise the pH above 11, and magnesium hydroxide precipitates out. Hot-process softening is predominantly used in industrial applications and is not discussed here. Thus the minimum calcium hardness can be achieved is about 30 mg/L as CaCO3, and the magnesium hardness is about 10 mg/L as CaCO3. Lime sludges are dense and will tend to settle, however, it is recommended that 10 mgL-1 of an alumina coagulant be added to capture the lime fines. Use dolomitic lime if the Ca:Mg ratio is above 10:1. II.) LIME CALCULATORS By Percent of Lime, Depth, Soil Density and Total Square Yards of Project INSTRUCTIONS: FILL IN PERCENT OF LIME, DEPTH, DRY WEIGHT OF SOIL AND SQUARE YARDS. In both calculation methods, lime and soda ash dosages depends on carbonate and non-carbonate hardness in the water. Given the following water compositions before and after an excess lime softening, calculate the amount (in mg / L) of Lime [Ca (OH) 2)] added and the amount (in mg / L) of sludge produced (Note, sludge includes Mg (OH) 2 and CaCO 3) Is Alkalinity > Hardness or is Hardness > Alkalinity) in calculating the types of hardness in a water supply source. Revise if necessary. Carbon dioxide and carbonate hardness (calcium and Magnesium bicarbonate) are complexed by lime. the two stage excess lime softening process, if concentrations are known or can be calculated for CO2, calcium carbonate hardness, calcium noncarbonate hardness, magnesium carbonate hardness, and magnesium noncarbonate hardness, using design values for excess lime concentration and lower limit of residual magnesium hardness. 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